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=**Battery Reactions**=

Problem: Does temperature affect the reaction time in a battery?

Independent Variable: Brand of batteries and Temperature conditions.

Dependent Variable: Time taken for the battery to run out.

Control: Voltage Meter, size of the batteries and room humidity.

Hypothesis: If the eveready battery is exposed to extreme temperatures of cold, then the reaction time of the battery is going to go down.

Procedure: 1. For this experiment we will be using 8 different brands of batteries to see if temperature effects the batteries run time.

2. The performance of the batteries will be tested at the following temperatures: -78°C using dry ice, 0°C using a freezer, 24°C at room temperature and 50 degrees C

3. First you must test the voltage of the batteries before you test their reaction times. This will give you a base line for the tests to come.

4. For the 1st test,　 an Energizer battery is placed in the dry ice. The batteries are placed in the dry ice for 30 minutes.

5. The batteries are then placed in a cooler filled with dry ice. Wear the gloves to handle the dry ice. Remember not to let the dry ice come into contact with your bare skin. Wear safety goggles at all times. Allow about 15 minutes for the temperature of the battery to stabilize in the beaker. The voltage meter is then connected to the ends of the battery. Once you take the batteries out immediately measure the voltage. With the help of　 an assistant, record the time taken for the battery’s voltage to go back to normal.

6. Procedures 3 and 4 are repeated using the Rayovac, Duracell, Eveready, Panasonic, Smart Living, Polaroid and Sunbean batteries.

7. Procedures 3, 4 and 5 are repeated by using ice cubes instead of dry ice.

8. Procedures 3, 4 and 5 are repeated at room temperature without any cooling needed.

9. Procedures 3, 4 and 5 are repeated in warm water

10. All the measurements recorded in the table given below.

Materials: - 3 Energizer AA size batteries - 3 Rayovac AA size batteries - 3 Duracell AA size batteries - 3 Eveready AA size batteries - 6 plastic bags - 2 jumper cables with crocodile clips - Voltage Meter - 1 kg of dry ice - 1 kg of ice cubes - Safety goggles - 1 pair of thick waterproof gloves - A clock - Cooler

Safety concerns: 1. Proper precautions must be taken when handling dry ice. 2. Do not store dry ice in air tight containers. 3. Perform experiment in a well ventilated area. Proper precautions when handling batteries.

Never dispose of batteries in fire or heat them.

· Never short circuit　batteries.

· Never disassemble, modify or reconstruct batteries.

· Never solder lead wires directly on to　batteries.

· Never deform, cover or obstruct the gas release vent.

· Never directly connect batteries to a direct power source.

· Never use batteries that are leaking, deformed, damaged or different from their normal conditions.

· Only use specified chargers that meet specifications.

· Only use batteries on the equipment they are customized for.

· Avoid sealed structures when TEIG batteries be used in an equipment or housed inside a case.

· Do not apply water, sea water or other oxidizing agents to batteries.

· Do not connect batteries in parallel or more than 20 batteries in series.

· Do not remove the casing of batteries or damage it.

· Do not strike or drop batteries.

· Do not use old and new batteries mixed together or batteries at different charge level.

· Do not use batteries together with any other battery types.

· Do not hold batteries by their lead wires or connectors.

· Do not charge batteries beyond the recommended time.

· Do not charge or use　batteries with the positive and negative terminals reversed.

· Do not overcharge batteries over predetermined charging time by the battery charger's instructions or indicator.

· When more than two batteries are to be used together, charge them simultaneously prior to use.

· Children should use batteries only under guidance of their parents.

· Store batteries in a dry place and within the recommended storage temperature range.

· Clean battery terminals with a soft dry cloth only.

· B atteries contain the strong colorless alkaline solution. If user's eyes, skin or clothing comes in contact with fluid from the batteries, wash them thoroughly with clean water and consult a doctor immediately.

Abstract During this experiment, i will be testing the reaction time of eight different brands of batteries in four different temperature conditions. The reaction time is the amount of time that it takes for the battery to get back to it's original voltage. The longer it takes for the battery to return to the original voltage the longer the reaction time of the battery and vice versa. The problem the project was trying to solve was if temperature can affect the reaction time of the battery. I know that whenever you leave your electronic in your car in the cold they usually do not turn back off the next time you try.To come up with my hypothesis i thought of the brand of batteries that would be the most least expensive. So out of the different battery brands I concluded that the "If the eveready battery is exposed to extremely cold conditions, then the reaction time of the battery will go down."

Review Of The Literature A battery, which is actually an electric cell, is a device that produces electricity from a chemical reaction. In a one cell battery, you would find a negative electrode; an electrolyte, which conducts ions; a separator, also an ion conductor; and a positive electrode. In 1748 Benjamin Franklin first coined the term "battery" to describe an array of charged glass plates. From 1780 to 1786 Luigi Galvani demonstrated what we now understand to be the electrical basis of nerve impulses and provided the cornerstone of research for later inventors like Volta to create batteries. In 1800 Voltaic Pile Alessandro Volta invented the Voltaic Pile and discovered the first practical method of generating electricity. Constructed of alternating discs of zinc and copper with pieces of cardboard soaked in brine between the metals, the Voltic Pile produced electrical current. In 1836 The Voltaic Pile could not deliver an electrical current for a long period of time. Englishman, John F. Daniell invented the Daniell Cell that used two electrolytes: copper sulfate and zinc sulfate. In 1839 Fuel Cell William Robert Grove developed the first fuel cell, which produced electrical by combining hydrogen and oxygen. From 1839 to 1842 Inventors created improvements to batteries that used liquid electrodes to produce electricity. In 1859 French inventor, Gaston Plante developed the first practical storage lead-acid battery that could be recharged (secondary battery). This type of battery is used in cars today. In 1881 J.A. Thiebaut patented the first battery with both the negative electrode and porous pot placed in a zinc cup. In 1881 Carl Gassner invented the first commercially successful dry cell battery (zinc-carbon cell). In 1954 Lew Urry developed the small alkaline battery in 1949. A solar battery converts the sun's energy to electricity. In 1954, Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin invented the first solar battery. The inventors created an array of several strips of silicon (each about the size of a razorblade), placed them in sunlight, captured the free electrons and turned them into electrical current. In 1964 Duracell was incorporated.There has been many other projects done on this topic. One person did this project, but they used 9 volt batteries instead of AA batteries. This isn’t a big difference between them because type of batteries does not impact the experiment. Another person used AA batteries, but only Duracell batteries. To get an accurate conclusion you have to test more than one brand of batteries. There are several things a person need to need ahead of time. Dry Ice is frozen carbon dioxide, a normal part of our earth's atmosphere. It is the gas that we exhale during breathing and the gas that plants use in photosynthesis. It is also the same gas commonly added to water to make soda water. Dry Ice is particularly useful for freezing, and keeping things frozen because of its very cold temperature: -109.3°F or -78.5°C. Dry Ice is widely used because it is simple to freeze and easy to handle using insulated gloves. Dry Ice changes directly from a solid to a gas -sublimation- in normal atmospheric conditions without going through a wet liquid stage. Therefore it gets the name "dry ice." As a general rule, Dry Ice will sublimate at a rate of five to ten pounds every 24 hours in a typical ice chest. This sublimation continues from the time of purchase; therefore, pick up Dry Ice as close to the time needed as possible. Bring an ice chest or some other insulated container to hold the Dry Ice and slow the sublimation rate. Dry Ice sublimates faster than regular ice melts but will extend the life of regular ice. It is best not to store Dry Ice in your freezer because your freezer's thermostat will shut off the freezer due to the extreme cold of the Dry Ice! Of course if the freezer is broken, Dry Ice will save all your frozen goods. Commercial shippers of perishables often use dry ice even for non frozen goods. Dry ice gives more than twice the cooling energy per pound of weight and three times the cooling energy per volume than regular water ice (H2O). It is often mixed with regular ice to save shipping weight and extend the cooling energy of water ice. Sometimes dry ice is made on the spot from liquid CO2. The resulting dry ice snow is packed in the top of a shipping container offering extended cooling without electrical refrigeration equipment and re-connections. There have been many different people that have done this project but they have missed some key parts in their experiment. I will take many steps to make sure that my science fair project is successful. One I will do test as many components as I can to make the experiment as accurate as possible. Meaning that I will use many different battery brands. I will also use many different temperatures to make sure that I get a very accurate results of the batteries. Two I will use many trials, so that not just one trial determines how the experiment ends up. Three I will make sure the experiment is very exact and precise. For example I will time how long the fan runs down to the second.

Works Cited

"AA Batteries, Safety." //Consumer Reports: Expert Product Reviews and Product Ratings from Our Test Labs//. Nov. 2007. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. .

"Battery Comparison Chart. Battery Life Comparison for Lithium, Alkaline and Other Batteries. Energizer.com." //Energizer Battery Company. Energizer Batteries and Flashlights. Energizer.com//. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. .

Bellis, Mary. "History of the Battery." //Inventors//. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. .

Bryant, Charles W. "HowStuffWorks "How Batteries Work"" //HowStuffWorks "Learn How Everything Works!"// Web. 16 Oct. 2011. .

"Dry Ice Safety | How to Use Dry Ice Safely." //Dry Ice Information - All about Dry Ice//. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. .

Helmanstine, Anne M. "Factors That Affect the Chemical Reaction Rate - Reaction Kinetics." //Chemistry - Periodic Table, Chemistry Projects, and Chemistry Homework Help//. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. .

"How Battery Is Made - Material, Production Process, Manufacture, Making, Used, Parts, Components, Structure, Product, Industry, Design, Raw Materials." //How Products Are Made//. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. .

"How to Jump a Dead Battery Safely." //ConsumerAffairs.com: Knowledge Is Power! Consumer News, Reviews, Complaints, Resources, Safety Recalls//. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. .

Tracy and Emily. "Science Projects - Battery Life." //Energy Quest Room//. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. .

Webb, Ashley. "Effects of Extreme Temperature on Battery Life | Education.com." //Education.com | An Education & Child Development Site for Parents | Parenting & Educational Resource//. Web. 16 Oct. 2011. .

Conclusion My hypothesis of "If the eveready battery is exposed to extreme temperatures of cold, then the reaction time of the battery is going to go down." My hypothesis for the experiment was correct. In both the dry ice and the freezer the eveready battery's reaction time was slower than all of the other battery brands. The data shows that the eveready batteries were the slowest reacting brand in the cold temperatures, with 3 minutes 52 seconds in the dry ice and 55 seconds in the freezer.

Application In the future this research could help scientists and inventors come up with a battery that can be used in extreme weather conditions and work as good as if it was in normal weather conditions. Some automobile batteries are made to withstand mild weather conditions but nothing very extreme. So then people will never need to worry about being stuck in the extreme conditions with a dead car.

Log Book Entries 11/1- I changed the experiment to use a voltage meter instead of a AA fan. This change gives the project a more specific reading of how much power was in the battery.LP 11/18- My mother talked to Ms.Stone about places to get dry ice. She told us of a couple stores that where close by. Eventually after sorting through all of the options we from one in Lancaster LP 11/20- My mother and I went to Wheatlands Beer Distributor in Lancaster to pick up the dry ice pellets. At the store the lady that gave us the dry ice also gave us a page of cautions and general information about dry ice.LP 11/20- I started testing the reaction times of the batteries at room temperature, in ice, and in dry ice.LP  12/19- I finished collecting data on the reaction times of the batteries in warm temperatures LP  1/4- Talked to Mrs.Wilson about what kind of graphs and charts to use. Along with going over certain aspects of the abstract LP


 * || Voltage at Room Temperature ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || Time After Dry Ice ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || Time after Freezer ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   || Time after Warm Water ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Trials || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || Average ||  || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || Average ||   || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || Average ||   || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || Average ||
 * Brands ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Energizer || 1.7 || 1.71 || 1.7 || 1.72 || 1.75 || 1.716 ||  || 1 min 49 sec || 2 min 10 sec || 1 min 40 sec || 1 min 33 sec || 2 min 8 sec || 1 min 52 sec ||   || 10 sec || 14 sec || 9 sec || 9 sec || 13 sec || 11 sec ||   || 21 sec || 15 sec || 20 sec || 18 sec || 11 sec || 17 sec ||
 * Rayovac || 1.75 || 1.8 || 1.8 || 1.8 || 1.77 || 1.784 ||  || 2 min 6 sec || 2 min || 2 min 11 sec || 1 min 55 sec || 2 min 3 sec || 2 min 3 sec ||   || 19 sec || 14 sec || 15 sec || 9 sec || 16 sec || 12 sec ||   || 12 sec || 9 sec || 8 sec || 10 sec || 6 sec || 9 sec ||
 * Duracell || 1.75 || 1.8 || 1.78 || 1.7 || 1.72 || 1.75 ||  || 2 min 2 sec || 1 min 55 sec || 2 min 8 sec || 2 min || 2 min || 2 min 1 sec ||   || 19 sec || 22 sec || 20 sec || 15 sec || 14 sec || 18 sec ||   || 10 sec || 16 sec || 14 sec || 13 sec || 12 sec || 13 sec ||
 * Eveready || 1.78 || 1.85 || 1.8 || 1.8 || 1.75 || 1.796 ||  || 3 min 52 sec || 3 min 31 sec || 3 min 10 sec || 3 min 27 sec || 3 min || 3 min 24 sec ||   || 55 sec || 44 sec || 49 sec || 47 sec || 45 sec || 48 sec ||   || 30 sec || 22 sec || 25 sec || 20 sec || 18 sec || 23 sec ||
 * Panosonic || 1.75 || 1.7 || 1.7 || 1.75 || 1.75 || 1.73 ||  || 1 min 58 sec || 2 min 3 sec || 2 min 6 sec || 1 min 59 sec || 2 min 10 sec || 2 min 2 sec ||   || 39 sec || 32 sec || 33 sec || 31 sec || 30 sec || 33 sec ||   || 15 sec || 20 sec || 17 sec || 16 sec || 12 sec || 16 sec ||
 * Sunbean || 1.75 || 1.78 || 1.8 || 1.75 || 1.77 || 1.77 ||  || 2 min 21 sec || 2 min 17 sec || 2 min 9 sec || 2 min 8 sec || 2 min 1 sec || 2 min 11 sec ||   || 30 sec || 27 sec || 31 sec || 33 sec || 39 sec || 32 sec ||   || 11 sec || 4 sec || 9 sec || 6 sec || 5 sec || 5 sec ||
 * Polariod || 1.7 || 1.75 || 1.7 || 1.75 || 1.78 || 1.736 ||  || 1 min 18 sec || 1 min 11 sec || 1 min 20 sec || 1 min 7 sec || 1 min 14 sec || 1 min 14 sec ||   || 15 sec || 11 sec || 19 sec || 15 sec || 10 sec || 14 sec ||   || 6 sec || 5 sec || 10 sec || 12 sec || 20 sec || 11 sec ||
 * Smart Living || 1.7 || 1.72 || 1.75 || 1.77 || 1.79 || 1.746 ||  || 1 min 57 sec || 2 min 5 sec || 1 min 54 sec || 1 min 58 sec || 1 min 51 sec || 1 min 57 sec ||   || 29 sec || 33 sec || 26 sec || 30 sec || 32 sec || 30 sec ||   || 17 sec || 18 sec || 14 sec || 15 sec || 11 sec || 15 sec ||
 * Smart Living || 1.7 || 1.72 || 1.75 || 1.77 || 1.79 || 1.746 ||  || 1 min 57 sec || 2 min 5 sec || 1 min 54 sec || 1 min 58 sec || 1 min 51 sec || 1 min 57 sec ||   || 29 sec || 33 sec || 26 sec || 30 sec || 32 sec || 30 sec ||   || 17 sec || 18 sec || 14 sec || 15 sec || 11 sec || 15 sec ||

Discussion What happened to the batteries is simple.The colder the temperature the slower the reaction of the batteries. A battery is basically a can of chemicals that produce electrons. So the chemical reactions inside of batteries take place more slowly when the battery is cold, so the battery produces fewer electrons. Throughout the experiment I found that the eveready batteries were the slowest reacting batteries of the 8 brands that were tested. The Polaroid brand of batteries came out to be the fastest reacting brand of the 8 brands tested. One improvement that could be done to this project is that more trials could have done to give a more exact reaction time. A second improvement that could have been done to the project would be to add a few more brands of batteries to expand the variety of batteries. One source of error was timing the reaction of the battery. When timing the reaction time there is slight room for human error. Second source of error is determining the voltage on the voltage meter. This is a source of error because the meter is not electronic so the scientist is guessing the voltage off of what they see on the meter. Third source of error are the batteries starting voltage. The voltage of each battery when you take it out of the package is different from the others in that same package. Last source of error is the temperature of the environment when testing the batteries. Seeing that most days in a week are not the same temperature it is hard to do the experiment in the same temperature for all of the trials. Graph shows the average reaction times in dry ice

Graph shows the average reaction time in the freezer

Graph shows the average voltage of each battery

Graph shows the average reaction time of the batteries in warm water

Averages

Voltage(volts) Energizer-1.716 Rayovac-1.784 Duracell-1.75 Eveready-1.796 Panasonic-1.73 Sunbean-1.77 Polaroid-1.736 Smart Living-1.746

Dry Ice(sec) Energizer- 112 Rayovac-123 Duracell-121 Eveready-204 Panasonic-122 Sunbean-131 Polaroid-74 Smart Living-117

Freezer(sec) Energizer-11 Rayovac-12 Duracell-18 Eveready-48 Panasonic-33 Sunbean-32 Polaroid-14 Smart Living-30

Warm Water(sec) Energizer-17 Rayovac-9 Duracell-13 Eveready-23 Panasonic-16 Sunbean-5 Polaroid-11 Smart Living-15

Voltage meter with the batteries

Gloves with the cooler of dry ice

Testing the dry ice voltages

Batteries in the dry ice